Comparative Study of the Effects of La-Substituted Ca in (Bi, Pb):2212 and (Bi, Pb):2223 Superconductors

Abstract We report here a comparative study of the effects La-substituted Ca on (Bi, Pb):2212 and Pb):2223 superconductors with various La content (0.00 ≤ x 0.30). Regardless La, it is evident that superconducting volume fraction, excess oxygen, critical concentration for quenching superconductivity, Vickers hardness, anisotropy, interlayer coupling, magnetic fields, current were higher 2212 series than 2223 series. In contrast, orthorhombic distortion, c-parameter, crystallite diameter, doping distance, distance between two Cu atoms, hole carrier/Cu ion ratio, melting temperature T m , c onset diamagnetic cM surface energy, elastic component, resistance pressure, c-axis coherence length An inverse linear relationship was estimated both series, room-temperature (RT) bismuth–strontium–calcium–copper–oxide (BSCCO) superconductors, required values should be 1048.03°C 784.48°C Surprisingly, difference in zero resistivity | − cR = 0.30 samples 30 K. field region (CFR), exponents order parameters (OPD) are two-dimensional (2D), but their Further, they became three-dimensional (3D) as increased to due reduced effective highly substituted samples. Our results discussed help differences physical considered These findings revealed more suitable applications need hardness fields currents. research altering plastic deformation. To our knowledge, present systematic investigation has not been reported elsewhere, which highlights work.